Abnormal+behaviour

=Check out this chapter from the Pearson Text= =   = **Abnormal Behaviour ** **Abnormal behavior — Behavior that is maladaptive and harmful ** **Behaviori **st - Medical Model/Disease Model — Forerunner of the biological approach… abnormality is **a disease or illness precipitated by internal physical causes**. **Interactionist ** — Abnormal behavior is influence by **biological factors** (brain processes), **psychological factors** (emotional turmoil), and by **social factors** (inadequate relationships) Woman are diagnosed more then males because 1. Woman more likely to behave in ways that others label as mental disorders. 2. Woman are taught to express their emotions, while men are trained to control them. 3. Woman have unequal social positions and greater discrimination, more likely to experience trauma-inducing circumstances 4. Woman often placed in "double-blind" situations in society… Woman labeled as mentally disordered for either over conforming or under conforming to feminine gender role stereotypes. **Anxiety Disorders ** — Psychological disorders that include the following main features : **motor tension** (jumpiness, trembling, inability to relax); **hyperactivity** (dizziness; a racing heart, perspiration); and **apprehensive expectorations and thoughts**. 5 types of anxiety disorder: <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">1. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Generalized Anxiety Disorder **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;"> — **Persistent anxiety** for at lea**st a month**; the individual with a generalize anxiety disorder is **unable to specify the reasons for anxiety**. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">2. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Panic Disorder **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;"> — **Reoccurring** sudden onset of intense apprehension or terror. Feeling of **impending doom**, may **not feel anxious all of the time**. **Anxiety** attack strikes **without warning** and produces **severe palpitations**, extreme **shortness of breath**, **chest pains**, **trembling**, **sweating**, **dizziness**, and **feeling of helplessness**. Victims **seize by fear** that they will die, go crazy or do something they cannot control. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">3. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Phobic Disorders (Phobias) **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;"> — Individual has **irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation**. Can pinpoint the cause of nervous feelings. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">1. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Agoraphobia **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">— Fear of entering **unfamiliar situations**, especially **open or public spaces**. **More common** phobic disorder. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">2. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Psychoanalytical **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">reasons why à **phobias develop as a defense mechanism**\ to ward off threatening or unacceptable impulses. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">3. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Learning theorist **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">reason why à **phobia are learned fears** <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">4. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Cross-cultural **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">psychologist à **phobias are influenced by cultural factors** <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">4. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">— Individual has **anxiety provoking thoughts** that will **not go away** (**obsession**) and/or **urges** to perform **repetitive**, **ritualistic behaviors** to **prevent** or **produce** some **future situation (compulsions**) **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">1. ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Repent & rehearse normal doubts & daily routines ** **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">2. ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Obsessive = thinks; compulsive = action ** <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">3. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Most common = excessive checking, cleaning, counting ** <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">5. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;"> (PTSD) — **Exposure** to any of **several traumatic events** such as war; **severely oppressive situations** (holocaust), **severe abuse** (rape); **natural disasters** (floods); and **accidental disaster** (place crashes). Anxiety **symptoms** that may **immediately follow the trauma or by months of years.** <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">1. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Symptoms ** **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">1. ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Flash backs ** **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">2. ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Constricted ability to feel emotions ** **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">3. ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Excessive arousal ** **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">4. ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Difficulties in memory and concentration ** **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">5. ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Feelings of apprehension ** <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">6. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Impulsive outbursts of behavior ** **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Stomatoform Disorders **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;"> — Mental disorders in which psychological symptoms take a **physical or somatic, form even though no physical causes** can be found. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">1. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Hypochondriasis **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;"> — **Individual has a pervasive fear of illness and disease.** <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2.5in;">a. Pill enthusiast <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Often depressed/ comes with other disorders <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. Switch doctor to find diagnosis that matches their own <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">6. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Conversion Disorder **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">— Individual experiences **specific, genuine physical symptoms** even though **no physiological problems** can be found. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 3in; tabstops: list 2.0in; tabstops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Some loss of motor or sensory ability <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 3in; tabstops: list 2.0in; tabstops: list 2.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Unable to speed, may faint, become deaf or blind **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Dissociative Disorders **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">— **Sudden loss of memory or change in identify**. Under extreme stress of shock, the individual’s **conscious** awareness becomes **dissociated** from previous memories and thoughts. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in;">1. **Psychogenic Amnesia** — **Memory loss** caused by **extensive psychotically stress**. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in;">2. **Fugue** — **Individual develops amnesia**, but also unexpectedly **travels away from home and assumes a new identity**. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in;">3. **Multiple Personality —** Individuals have **two or more distinct personalities** or selves. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Mood Disorders **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">— Wide **emotional swings**, ranging from deep depression to extreme euphoria and agitations. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in;">1. **Major Depression** — Individual is **deeply unhappy**, **demoralized,** **self**-**derogatory**, and **bored**, showing **changes in appetite**, and **sleep patterns**, **decreased energy**, **feelings of worthlessness**, **concentration** **problems**, and **guilt feelings** that might **prompt thoughts of suicide**. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">7. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Bipolar Disorder **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;"> — Individual might be **depressed, manic, or both**. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">1. ****<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Manic **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">— **Elation, exuberance, tireless stamina, humorous, scheming, tendency for excess, relentless, irritable, almost constant motion. Garbled incoherent, rapid speech. Do stuff not usually done.** **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">B. Causes ** <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">1. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Psychanalytic **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;"> — **Turing inward of aggressive instincts**…. Combo of **insecure attachment to the mother**, a **lack of love** and affection as child, and the **actual loss of a parent** during childhood gives ride to a **negative cognitive set, or schema**. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">2. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Cognitive **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;"> — **Self-defeating ways, and negative expectations about the future** à reflect schemas that **shape the depressed** **individual’s experiences**. Habitual **negative thoughts magnify** and **expand a depressed person’s negative experiences**. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">3. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Biogenetic **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">— **Genetic inheritance and chemical changes in the brain. Depressed lacks //__neropinephrine__//**, **manic** have **more**… <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">4. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Sociocultural - Society emphasis **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">on **self, independence** and **individualism,** coupled with an **erosion** of **connectedness to others, family and religion... widespread hopelessness.** **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Schizophrenic Disorders **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">- Characterized **by distorted thoughts and perceptions**, **odd communication**, **inappropriate emotion**, **abnormal motor behavior**, and **social withdrawal**. Individual’s **mind** is **split** **from reality**, and **personality** **loses** its **unity**. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2.5in;">1. Words: <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2.5in;">a. Delusions — False beliefs… may think he is JC Napoleon…. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Hallucinations — Hear, see, feel, smell and tast things now… often hear voices... <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in; tabstops: list 1.5in; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. World Salad — loose, incoherent, word associations, language does not follow any rules <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in;">2. **Disorganized schizophrenia** — Individual has **delusions and hallucinations**.. **little or no recognizable meaning. Withdraws** from **human contact**. **Silly, childlike gestures and behavior** <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">8. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Catatonic Schizophrenia — Bizarre motor behavior **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;"> **Immobile stupor**. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">9. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Paranoid schizophrenia **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">— **Delusions** of **reference, grandeur**, and **persecution**…. Misinterpretation of actual events… delusions of reference (singled out for attn.) Misinterpret change events… Delusions of grandeur…(IM pope) delusions of persecution (target of conspiracy) <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">10. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Undifferentiated schizophrenia — Disorgnaized behavior **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">, **hallucinations, delusions**, and **incoherence**. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">11. Causes <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">1. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Genetics **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">— high change of getting if it **identical twin** has it… <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">2. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Neurobiological **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">— **imbalances in brain chemistry**… defects in **brain metabolism**, malfunction **dopamine system**, distorted **cerebral blood flow**… <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">3. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Enviro. Factor **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;"> — **Diathesis-stress view — combo of enviro & biogenetic disposition** **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Personality Disorders — Personality traits become inflexible and thus maladaptive. ** <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">1. **Schizotypal Personality Disorder** — Odd/eccentric cluster… appear to be in contact with reality, but many aspects of their behavior are distasteful… leads others to retreat or withdraw from them… <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">1. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Obessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;"> — Anxious/fearful cluster of personality disorders… anxious adjustment is primary feature… <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">2. **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">Borderline Personality Disorder — **<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt;">dramatic/emotional/erratic cluster of personality disorders. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 3in;">4. **Antisocial Personality Disorder —** Dramatic/emotional/erratic cluster of personality disorders…. Most problematic disorder for society… often resort to crime, violence, and delinquency… <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in;">Substance-use Disorders? <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in;">Druggies?

<span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt;">Psychotherapy — process used by mental health professionals to help individuals recognize, define, and overcome their psychological and interpersonal difficulties and improve their adjustment. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in;">1. Talking, interpreting, listening, regarding, and modeling…. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. insight therapy — both psychodynamic and humanistic therapies.. encourage insight and awareness of oneself. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in;">Psychodynamic theories — emp. Unconscious thought <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in;">1. Psychoanalysis <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. Free associations <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Cartharsis — release of emotional tension <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">3. dream analysis <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">4. manifest content — conscious part of dream <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">5. latent content — unconscious part of dream <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">6. Transference — client re-living imp. Relationships <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">7. Resistance — unconscious defense strategies <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in;">Humanistic Therapies — encouraged to understand themselves, and grow personally… emp. Conscious thought, present (vs. past), growth & fulfillment. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">1. person- centered therapy — warm supportive atm… improve clients self concept and encourage the client to gain insight about problems… <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in; tabstops: list 1.0in; tabstops: list 1.0in; text-indent: -0.25in;">2. Gestalt therapy = questions and challenges clients to help them become more aware of their feelings and face their problems… <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in;">Behaviorist - principles of learning to reduce or eliminate maladaptive behavior <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in;">1. systematic desensitivation <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in;">2. Aversive conditioning — repeating pairing of undesirable behavior with aversive stimuli to decreases the behavior’s rewards so the individual will stop doing it… <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in;">3. Flooding <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in;">4. Behavior Modification <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in;">Cognitive — Emp. That the indiv’s cogitation or thoughts are the main source of abnormal behavior. Attempt to change the indiv’s feeling and behaviors by changing cognitions. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in;">1. Rational-emotive therapy — Indivs. Become psychology disordered because of their beliefs, especially those that are irrational and self-defeating. ABCDE. Activation Experience, Believe, Consequences, Disputation, Effects. <span style="font-family: 'Century Gothic','sans-serif'; font-size: 9pt; line-height: normal; margin: 0in 0in 10pt 2in;">2. Beck’s Cognitive Therapy — Depression. 4 phases 1.) identify self labels 2.) notice when they are thinking distorted or irrational thoughts 3.) substitute appropriate thoughts. 4.) given feedback and motivation comments from the therapist to stimulate their use of these techniques.